The Zealots

T. & T. Clark

1989

xxiv, 487 p.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 410-434) and indexes

9780567093721

1. The history of research -- 2. The structure and aim of the presentation -- I. The sources -- A. Josephus as the principal source -- Excursus I: The Slavonic Josephus -- B. The secondary sources -- 1. Contemporary Jewish sources -- 2. The Rabbinic sources -- 3. The Christian sources -- 4. Other ancient authors -- II. The various names given to the Jewish freedom movement -- A. The 'Robbers' -- 1. The ancient linguistic usage -- Excursus II: The scourge of Robbers in the ancient world -- 2. In the Rabbinic literature -- 3. In Josephus -- B. The Sicarii -- 1. The basic Latin meaning -- 2. The Sicarii in Josephus -- 3. The Sicarii in the Rabbinic literature -- Excursus III: The Sikarikon Law -- C. Barjone and Galilaeans -- D. The 'Zealots' -- E. Summary -- III. Judas the Galilaean's 'fourth philosophy' -- A. The statements made in the sources -- B. The 'fourth philosophy' as an independent party within late Judaism -- C. The message of Judas the Galilean -- 1. The sole rule of God -- 2. Israel's freedom -- 3. Co-operation with God in the redemption of Israel -- 4. The census -- D. Summary: The religious character of the movement founded by Judas -- 1. Judas' sect considered as a nationalist movement -- 2. A summary of the events discussed so far IV. Zeal -- A. The Old Testament presuppositions of zeal for God -- 1. The jealous God -- 2. Zeal for Yahweh -- B. Zeal for the law in connection with the tradition of Phinehas -- 1. Zeal at the time of the Maccabees -- 2. The Maccabaean 'zeal for the law' and the figure of Phinehas in Josephus' writings -- 3. Phinehas (or Elijah) and his zeal in the Rabbinic tradition -- C. 'Zeal' as a typical element of piety in late Judaism -- D. Zeal for the law and the sanctuary in Palestinian Judaism and among the Zealots -- 1. The 'lawlessness' of the Zealots according to Josephus -- 2. Zeal for Israel's purity and for her religious privileges -- 3. Zeal for the purity of the sanctuary -- E. Summary: Zeal as an eschatological intensification of the Torah -- V. The Zealots as an eschatological movement -- A. Zealot prophets -- 1. The false prophets according to Josephus -- 2. Prophecy in late Judaism --^ 3. The Zealot's prophecy as a charismatic and eschatological interpretation of scripture -- B. The time of great anger -- 1. The eschatological woes in late Judaism -- 2. The 'Messianic woes' and the Zealot movement -- C. The retreat into the desert -- 1. The retreat into the desert as a widespread phenomenon in late Judaism -- 2. The Zealot in the desert -- D. Readiness for martyrdom -- 1. Martyrs in Judaism of the Hellenistic and Roman period until the time of Herod -- 2. Martyrdom among the Zealots -- 3. Religious suicide as a special form of martyrdom -- 4. Summary: The Zealots' understanding of martyrdom -- E. The holy war -- 1. In the Old Testament and the Maccabaean Period -- 2. The eschatological-dualistic and the Messianic interpretation of the holy war in the apocalyptic literature and the war scroll -- 3. The holy war and the Zealots -- 4. Summary -- Excursus IV: The observance of the Sabbath and the holy war -- F. Zealot Messianic pretenders -- 1. The presuppositions --^ 2. Messianic pretenders in the Jewish Freedom Movement -- 3. The Son of David -- 4. The Zealots' Messianic hope and Palestinian Christianity -- G. The final victory and Israel's rule of the world -- 1. The annihilation of the world power that was hostile to God -- 2. The rule of God and his people H. Summary -- VI. The development of the Zealot movement -- A. The prehistory until the banishment of Archelaus -- 1. The Robber captain 'Hezekiah' and the disturbances in Galilee on Herod's coming to power -- 2. Herod's rule -- 3. The disturbances following Herod's death -- B. From the founding of the 'fourth philosophy' to the death of Agrippa I -- 1. The founding of the new movement by Judas the Galilaean -- 2. The Zealot Movement in the time of Jesus -- 3. From Pilate until the death of Herod Agrippa I -- C. The spread of the Zealot Movement after the death of Agrippa I until the outbreak of the Jewish War -- 1. The development from Cuspius Fadus until the deposition of Cumanus -- 2. The increasing deterioration of the situation from Felix until Albinus -- 3. The final escalation of the situation under Gessius Florus -- D. The collapse of the Zealot Movement in the Jewish War and its end -- 1. Eleazar and Menahem -- 2. The further course of the Jewish War until the defeat of Cestius Gallus -- 3. The political change following the Jewish victory over Cestius, the civil war resulting from this and the end of the insurrectionary movment

In this classic study of the Zealots Marlin Hengel draws on Josephus, the discoveries of the Qumran texts, the pseudepigrapha, and later rabbinic traditions, to examine the religious, social and political context which led to the Jewish insurrections of 66 A.D. This meticulous and illuminating work makes a major contribution to our understanding of the era which witnessed an eclipse of Judaism and the birth of Christianity

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