Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids

National Academy Press

2000

xx, 506 p.

9780309597197

What Are Dietary Reference Intakes? 2 -- Approach for Setting Dietary Reference Intakes 6 -- Nutrient Functions and the Indicators Used to Estimate Requirements for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and the Carotenoids 12 -- Criteria and Proposed Values for Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 13 -- Using Dietary Reference Intakes 14 -- Definition of a Dietary Antioxidant 17 -- Evidence of Oxidative Stress and the Risk of Chronic Degenerative Disease 17 -- Recommendations 19 -- 1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 21 -- What Are Dietary Reference Intakes? 21 -- Categories of Dietary Reference Intakes 22 -- Parameters for Dietary Reference Intakes 27 -- 2 Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and [beta]-Carotene and Other Carotenoids: Overview, Antioxidant Definition, and Relationship to Chronic Disease 35 -- Definition and Criteria for a Dietary Antioxidant 42 -- Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, and Chronic Disease 44 -- 3 Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and [beta]-Carotene and Other Carotenoids: Methods 58 -- Methodological Considerations 58 -- Estimates of Laboratory Values 67 -- Nutrient Intake Estimates 67 -- Dietary Intakes in the United States and Canada 69 -- 4 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients 73 -- Model for Derivation of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 75 -- Risk Assessment and Food Safety 75 -- Application of the Risk Assessment Model to Nutrients 80 -- Steps in the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 84 -- Intake Assessment 92 -- Risk Characterization 92 -- 5 Vitamin C 95 -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Vitamin C 101 -- Factors Affecting the Vitamin C Requirement 128 -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group 134 -- Intake of Vitamin C 154 -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 155 -- Research Recommendations for Vitamin C 165 -- 6 Vitamin E 186 -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for [alpha]-Tocopherol 203 -- Factors Affecting the Vitamin E Requirement 224 -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group 226 -- Intake of Vitamin E 243 -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 249 -- Research Recommendations for Vitamin E 260 -- 7 Selenium 284 -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Selenium 287 -- Factors Affecting the Selenium Requirement 291 -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group 292 -- Intake of Selenium 308 -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 311 -- Research Recommendations for Selenium 318 -- 8 [beta]-Carotene and Other Carotenoids 325 -- Selection of Possible Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for [beta]-Carotene and Other Carotenoids 331 -- Factors Affecting Carotenoid Bioavailability 354 -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group 358 -- Intake of Carotenoids 360 -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 366 -- Research Recommendations for [beta]-Carotene and Other Carotenoids 371 -- 9 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 383 -- Assessing Nutrient Intakes of Individuals 384 -- Assessing Nutrient Intakes of Groups 387 -- Planning Nutrient Intakes of Individuals 392 -- Planning Nutrient Intakes of Groups 392 -- Nutrient-Specific Considerations 393 -- 10 A Research Agenda 401 -- Approach 401 -- Major Knowledge Gaps 402 -- The Research Agenda 406 -- A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes 409 -- C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 416 -- D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 432 -- E Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1993, 1995 438 -- F Serum Values from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 440 -- G Options for Dealing with Uncertainties 458.

Английский