Dendrimer Chemistry: Concepts, Syntheses, Properties, Applications

Wiley-VCH

2009

xi, 342 p.

9783527320660

Contents: Preface xi, Introduction 1 (24), Historical - Cascade molecules and dendrimers 1 (6), Dendritic architectures 7 (6), Perfection, defects, dispersity 13 (2), Definition and classification of dendritic molecules 15 (1), Nomenclature of dendritic molecules 16 (9), Newkome nomenclature 16 (1), Cascadane nomenclature 17 (5), Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 1 ``Introduction'' 22 (3), Synthetic methods for dendritic molecules 25 (24), Divergent synthesis 25 (2), Convergent synthesis 27 (1), Recent synthetic methods 28 (3), Orthogonal synthesis 28 (1), Double-stage convergent method 29 (1), Double-exponential method 29 (1), Hypermonomer method 30 (1), Click chemistry 31 (1), Solid phase synthesis 31 (2), Coordination-chemical synthesis 33 (2), Metal complex as core unit 33 (1), Metal complexes as branching unit 34 (1), Supramolecular synthesis 35 (3), Hyperbranched polymers 38 (1), Dendronised linear polymers 39 (3), Polymer-analogous method 39 (2), Macromonomer method 41 (1), Dendro-Isomers 42 (7), Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 2 ``Synthetic methods for dendritic molecules'' 44 (5), Functional dendrimers 49 (32), Monofunctional dendrimers 50 (11), Functional core 50 (1), Functional periphery 51 (1), Functionalization of terminal groups 52 (2), Introduction of peripheral groups prior to dendrimer growth 54 (1), Functional units in the dendrimer scaffold 55 (1), Modification prior to dendrimer growth 55 (3), Internal modification on conclusion of dendrimer growth 58 (3), Multifunctional dendrimers 61 (20), Bifunctionalised molecular periphery 62 (5), Two different functional units in different parts of the molecule 67 (1), More than two different functional units 67 (4), Overview of functional dendrimers and their synthesis 71 (4), Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 3 ``Functional dendrimers'' 75 (6) Types of dendrimers and their syntheses 81 (88), Achiral dendrimers 81 (62) POPAM 81 (4) PAMAM 85 (4) POMAM 89 (1) Polylysine dendrimers 90 (3), Dendritic hydrocarbons 93 (1) Condensed arene components - Iptyceness 93 (1), Dendrimers from arene and multiply bonded building blocks 93 (4), Stilbenoid dendrimers, 97 (5), Hyperbranched polybenzenes 102 (1), Carbon/oxygen-based (and Frechet) dendrimers 102 (1), Polyether dendrimers 102 (2), Polyester dendrimers 104 (4), Carbohydrate dendrimers (glycodendrimers) 108 (1) Porphyrin-based dendrimers 109 (2), Ionic dendrimers 111 (1), Polyanionic dendrimers 111 (3), Polycationic dendrimers 114 (4), Silicon-based dendrimers 118 (1), Silane dendrimers 118 (2), Carbosilane dendrimers 120 (3), Carbosiloxane dendrimers 123 (4), Siloxane dendrimers 127 (1), Hyperbranched silicon-based polymers 128 (2), Phosphorus-based dendrimers 130 (3), Metallodendrimers (and Newkome dendrimers) 133 (5), Bibliography and Notes for Section 4.1 ``Achiral dendrimers'' 138 (5), Chiral dendrimers 143 (26), Classification of chiral dendrimers 143 (2), Studies on the chirality of dendritic molecules 145 (1), Chiroptical studies 145 (1), Possible applications of chiral dendrimers 146 (1), Dendrimers with chiral core and achiral branching scaffold 146 (1), Chiroptical studies on dendrimers with chiral cores 147 (6), Possible applications of chiral-core dendrimers 153 (3), Dendrimers with chiral building blocks as spacers or branching units 156 (1), Chiroptical studies on dendrimers with chiral dendrimer scaffold 156 (2), Possible applications of dendrimers with chiral branching scaffold 158 (1), Chirality in the periphery 158 (1), Chiroptical studies on dendrimers with peripheral chiral units 158 (2), Possible applications of dendrimers with peripheral chiral units 160 (1), Chiral dendrimers for asymmetric catalysis 161 (1), Interpretation of the chirality of dendritic molecules 161 (4), Bibliography and Notes for Section 4.2 ``Chiral Dendrimers'' 165 (4), Photophysical properties of dendritic molecules 169 (26), Luminescence and energy transfer 169 (7), Luminescence 169 (3), Energy transfer 172 (1), Dexter mechanism: Energy transfer by radiative emission 172 (1), Forster mechanism: Energy transfer by dipole-dipole interactions 172 (1), Examples from the field of dendritic molecules 173 (3), Antenna effect and photoisomerisation of dendrimers 176 (19), Antenna effect 176 (10), Photoisomerisation 186 (6),Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 5 ``Photophysical properties of dendritic molecules'' 192 (3), (Special) chemical reactions of dendritic molecules 195 (58), Covalent chemical reactions 195 (9), Metathesis 195 (6), Molecular imprinting 201 (2), Covalent introduction of functionalities in the interior of dendritic molecules 203 (1), Supramolecular (host/guest) interactions 204 (17), Non-covalent modification of a dendrimer periphery 204 (3), Self-assembly of dendrimers 207 (1), Inclusion of guest species in dendritic host molecules 207 (1), Dendrimers with multiple receptor units 207 (5), Guest inclusion by steric compression 212 (2), Guest inclusion by dynamic processes (diffusion) 214 (3), Self-assembly of dendrimers 217 (3), Dendritic stopper groups (in rotaxanes) 220 (1), Dendritic effects 221 (32), Dendritic effect on inclusion of guests 223 (1), Dendritic effects in catalysis 224 (1), Metal-containing dendritic catalysts 224 (10), Metal-free dendritic catalysts 234 (6), Dendritic effects on electrochemical properties 240 (1), Metal-free dendritic catalysts 240 (2), Redox gradients 242 (1), Redox sensors 243 (1), Redox potential and redox transfer kinetics 244 (1),Charge-separation processes 244 (1), Summary of the dendritic effect 244 (2) Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 6 ``(Special) chemical reactions of dendritic molecules'' 246 (7) Characterisation and analysis 253 (36) Chromatography 253 (6) Liquid chromatography 253 (1) Preparative liquid chromatography 254 (1) High-performance liquid chromatography 254 (3) Gel permeation chromatography 257 (2) Gel electrophoresis 259 (1) NMR spectroscopy 260 (3) (1D)-NMR spectroscopic studies 261 (1) Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy in dendrimer research 261 (1) Diffusion NMR spectroscopy 262 (1) Dynamic NMR spectroscopy 263 (1) Mass spectrometry 263 (3) Gentle ionisation methods: MALDI and ESI 263 (1) Study of dendrimers by MALDI and ESI-MS 264 (2) X-ray crystal structure analysis 266 (1) Small-angle scattering 266 (5) Principle of small-angle scattering 267 (1) Capability of small-angle scattering 267 (1) Structural analysis of dissolved dendrimers with SANS and SAXS 268 (1) Radial segment density distribution of flexible dendrimers 268 (1) Distribution of end groups 269 (1) Intermolecular interactions of flexible dendrimers in solution 270 (1) Scanning probe microscopy 271 (3) STM and AFM 271 (2) AFM images of dendrimers 273 (1) STM images of dendrimers 274 (1) Transmission electron microscopy 274 (2) TEM 274 (1) TEM images of dendrimers 275 (1) Chiroptical methods 276 (4) Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism 277 (2) Chiroptical studies on chiral dendritic structures 279 (1) Summary 280 (9) Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 7 ``Characterization and analysis'' 282 (7) Special properties and potential applications 289 (42) Introduction 289 (1) Catalysis, membrane technology 290 (4) Dendrimers as catalyst supports 291 (1) Catalytic dendrimers for membrane reactors 292 (1) Dendrimers in enantioselective catalysis 293 (1) Dendrimers as phase transfer catalysts 294 (1) Pigments, adhesives, additives in chemical materials 294 (4) Dendrimers as additives 294 (1) Dendritic polymers for printing inks 295 (1) Dendritic polymers for paints 295 (1) Dendritic polymers as additives in foam formulation 295 (1) Network precursors for plastics 296 (1) Dendrimers as nanocapsules for dyes and for molecular imprinting 296 (2) Dendrimers for displays and (opto)electronics 298 (2) Liquid-crystalline dendrimers 299 (1) Biomimetics, sensor technology, diagnostics (fluorescence) 300 (11) Protein dendrimers 300 (2) Glycomimetics 302 (2) Dendrimers in sensor technology 304 (1) Quartz micro balance with dendritic sensor layers 304 (2) Luminescent dendrimers as sensor materials 306 (2) Fluorescing PET sensors 308 (3) Dendrimers in medical diagnostics 311 (2) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) processes 311 (2) DNA dendrimers as biosensors for DNA hybridisation 313 (1) Medical applications 313 (7) Dendrimers as carriers for cytostatic agents 313 (2) Gene therapy 315 (1) Photodynamic therapy 316 (1) Dendrimers in prevention against HIV 317 (1) Culture of organs and tissue 318 (1) Wound healing 318 (1) Boron neutron capture therapy 319 (1) Dendrimers in nanotechnology 320 (11) Photoswitchable dendrimers 320 (1) Dendrimers as impellers 320 (1) Dendrimers as nanotubes 321 (3) Dendritic polymers as templates 324 (1) Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 8 ``Special properties and potential applications'' 324 (7) Outlook 331 (2) Subject Index 333

Английский