Aerogels handbook

Springer

2011

xxxi, 932 p.

Advances in sol-gel derived materials and technologies

Aerogels are the lightest solids known. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density as low as only four times that of air, they show very high thermal, electrical and acoustic insulation values and hold many entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal and ceramic materials, etc. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation and household uses are being developed with an estimated annual market growth rate of around 70% until 2015. The Aerogels Handbook summarizes state-of-the-art developments and processing of inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels, including the most important methods of synthesis, characterization as well as their typical applications and their possible market impact. Readers will find an exhaustive overview of all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and most recent advances towards applications and commercial products, some of which are commercially available today.

Contents: Preface (M. A. Aegerter, N. Leventis and M. M. Koebel)List of Contributors (M.A. Aegerter) 1. History of Aerogels1.1.1 History of aerogels (A.C. Pierre)2. Materials and processing 2.1 Inorganic-silica based aerogels 2.1.1 SiO2 aerogels (A.C. Pierre and A. Rigacci)2.1.2 Hydrophobic silica aerogels: Review of synthesis, properties andapplications (A. M. Anderson and M. K. Carroll) 2.1.3 Superhydrophobic and flexible aerogels (A. Venkatewara Rao, D. Y. Nadargi and M.M. Koebel) 2.1.4 Sodium silicate based aerogels via ambient pressure drying (A. Venkatewara Rao, Uzma K.H. Bangi, A. Parvathy Rao and M.M. Koebel)2.2 Inorganic-non silicate aerogels 2.2.1 ZrO2 aerogels (L. B. Hammouda, I. Mejri, M. K. Younes and A. Ghorbel)2.2.2 Preparation of TiO2 aerogels-like materials under ambient pressure (H. Hirashima)2.2.3 A robust approach to inorganic aerogels: The use of epoxides in sol-gel synthesis (T.F. Baumann, A.E. Gash and J.H. Satcher Jr.)2.3 Organic-natural and synthetic aerogels 2.3.1 Monoliths and fibrous cellulose aerogels (L. Ratke)2.3.2 Cellulosic and polyurethane aerogels (A. Rigacci and P. Achard)2.3.3 Resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels (S. Mulik and C. Sotiriou-Leventis)2.3.4 Natural aerogels with interesting environmental features: C- sequestration and pesticides trapping (T. Woignier)2.4 Composite aerogels 2.4.1 Polymer crosslinked aerogels (N. Leventis and Hongbing Lu)2.4.2 Interpenetrating organic/inorganic networks of resorcinol-formaldehyde/metal oxide aerogels (N. Leventis)2.4.3 Improving elastic properties of polymer reinforced aerogels (M. A. Meador)2.4.4 Aerogels containing metal, alloy and oxide nanoparticles embedded into dielectric matrices (A. Corrias and M. F. Casula)2.5 Exotic aerogels 2.5.1 Chalcogenide aerogels (S. Brock and H.Yu)2.5.2 Biopolymer-containing aerogels: Chitosan silica hybrid aerogels (C. J. Yao, X. S. Liu and W. Risen) 2.5.3 Anisotropic aerogels by lithography (M. Bertino)2.5.4 Aerogels synthesis by sonocatalysis: Sonogels (L. Esquivias, M. Pinero,V.Morales-Florez and N. de la Rosa-Fox)3. Properties 3.1.1 Structural characterization of aerogel materials (G. Reichenauer)3.1.2 Mechanical characterization of aerogels (Hongbing Lu, Huiyang Luo and N. Leventis)3.1.3 Thermal properties of aerogels (H-P Ebert)3.1.4 Simulation and modeling of aerogels using atomistic and mesoscale methods (L. D. Gelb)4. Applications 4.1 Energy 4.1.1 Aerogels and sol-gel composites as nanostructured energetic materials (A. Gash, R. L. Simpson and J. H. Satcher Jr.)4.1.2 Aerogels for superinsulation: A synoptic view (M. M. Koebel, A. Rigacci and P. Achard)4.2 Chemistry and Physics 4.2.1 Aerogels as platforms for chemical sensors (M. K. Carroll and A. M. Anderson)4.2.2 Transparent silica aerogel blocks for high energy physics research (H. Yokogawa)4.2.3 Sintering of silica aerogels for glass synthesis: Application to nuclear waste containment (T. Woignier, J. Reynes and J. Phalippou)4.3 Biomedical and pharmaceutical 4.3.1 Biomedical applications of aerogels (W. Yin and D. Rubenstein)4.3.2 Pharmaceutical applications of aerogels (I. Smirnova)4.4 Space and airborne 4.4.1 Applications of aerogels in space exploration (S. Jones and S. Sakamoto)4.4.2 Airborne ultrasonic transducer (H. Nagahara and M. Hashimoto)4.5 Metal industry 4.5.1 Aerogels for foundry application (L. Ratke and B. Milow)4.6 Art 4.6.1 Sculptures out of silica aerogel (I. Michaloudis)4.7 Other 4.7.1 Preparation and application of carbon aerogels (J. Shen and D. Guan)5. Commercial products 5.1.1 Insights and analysis of manufacturing and marketing consumer products with aerogel materials (B. McCormik)5.1.2 Nanogel (R) Aerogel by Cabot Corporation: Versatile properties for many applications (H. Thorne-Banda and T. Miller)5.1.3 American Aerogel Corporation: Organic aerogel commercialization (R. Mendenhall)5.1.4 Aerogels super thermal insulation materials by Nano Hi-tech (C. L. Jin)5.1.5 OKAGEL: High insulating day lighting systems (F. Schneider)6. Annex 6.1 Concluding remarks and outlook (M. A. Aegerter, N. Leventis and M. M. Koebel)6.2 Subject index (M. A. Aegerter)6.3 Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations (M. A. Aegerter).

Английский